ABSTRACT
Background: People living with HIV (PLHIV) bear 20 times higher risk of acquiring tuberculosis (TB) compared to people without HIV. The World Health Organization recommends TB preventive treatment (TPT) for PLHIV to reduce this risk. However, according to the 2020 Global TB Report, only half of PLHIV were started on TPT globally in 2019, with the lowest coverage observed in low-income countries including Tanzania, where TPT provision is part of the standard of care for eligible PLHIV in Tanzania. We describe programmatic efforts to scale up TPT in 11 regions accounting for half of the 1.5 million PLHIV on ART in Tanzania. Method(s): Starting in 2018, PEPFAR, through the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), supported the Government of Tanzania to accelerate TPT provision by: (1) training and mentoring healthcare workers, (2) integrating isoniazid into supply chain plans at the regional level, and (3) convening quarterly meetings at national and regional levels for program and supply chain monitoring and coordination. Additionally, CDC launched focused regional support interventions, with TPT among its priorities, aiming to facilitate real-time data-driven site monitoring, increased accountability, and on-the-ground coordination with local health authorities and implementing partners. We analyzed routine programmatic data reported in PEPFAR's data reporting system for fiscal years (FY) FY2018 through FY2021. Result(s): The number of PLHIV of all ages who initiated TPT increased from 67,510 in FY2018 to 268,909 in FY2019. Despite coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic, the initiation numbers in FY2020 were sustained at 264,465 and dropped by about one-third in FY2021 (182,823) compared to the previous year. TPT completion rates among those initiated also showed a positive trend;38% in FY2018, 85% in FY2019, 90% in FY2020, and 91% in FY2021. Conclusion(s): Our findings demonstrate substantial acceleration of TPT initiation and a significant increase in TPT completion rates over the four-year period in 11 regions in Tanzania. The policy of once-in-a-lifetime TPT for PLHIV means fewer people are eligible for TPT over time, which might account for lower numbers of PLHIV initiated on TPT in FY2021. Completion remained high among those who initiated TPT. The strategic shift focusing on capacity building, supply chain strengthening, and site-level monitoring may have contributed to the improvements in TPT initiation and completion.
ABSTRACT
The primary objective of this research study was to identify the notions that professors have about the evaluation process during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative methodological approach with a descriptive scope was used. The sample consisted of 41 professors at 21 public and private higher education institutions from Colombia. The results showed that professors changed their approaches towards the evaluation process by changing their evaluation strategies as a consequence of what they experienced during the pandemic. It is concluded that technology supported the different strategies that professors adopted and that it is expected that they will continue using technology as a mediator and enabler for diverse educational scenarios and experiences. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
The virus called SARS-COV-2 is a beta RNA positive-chain coronavirus. Several types of coronaviruses are known to infect humans, including the Middle East Acute Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-COV) HCOV-OC43, HCOV-NL63, HCOV-229E, among others. During SARS-COV-2 infection, skin and mucosal lesions occur as secondary reactive manifestations due to deterioration of the systemic condition, the possibility of opportunistic infections, or adverse reaction to given treatments. Due to the presence of multiple recep-tors in the respiratory tract, the lungs have been identified as the primary sites of infection, which leads to severe acute respiratory syndrome in severe cases. The immune response is measured by a variety of host factors, as well as by the activation of interleukins, cytosine, and chymosin, which can lead to skin and oral lesions. This article identifies and describes reactive lesions in the oral cavity observed in patients with SARS-COV-2 in order to help health professionals and patients recognize manifestations of the disease more immediately.